ദി ഇന്ത്യൻ റുപ്പി...

                      `mcX¯nsâ \mWbhn\nab Ncn{X¯n\v {Inkv-Xphn\p ap¼v Bdmw \qämt­ണ്ടmfw ]g¡apണ്ട്­v. C¡mcy¯n \mw ssN\m¡mcpsS klbm{XnIcmbncp¶psh¶mWv Ncn{X]ÞnX·mcpsS A`n{]mbw. aucykm{amPyØm]I\mb N{µKp]vXaucy(_nkn 340-290)sâ apJya{´nbmbncp¶ NmWIy³, Xsâ AÀYimkv-{Xw F¶ {]ikv-Xamb IrXnbn hnhn[Xcw \mWb§sf¸än ]cmaÀin¡p¶pണ്ട്­v. kphÀ® cq] (kzÀ® \mWbw), cq]ycq] (shÅn\mWbw), Xm{acq] (sN¼p\mWbw), inicq] (Idp¯obw \mWbw) F¶n§s\bmbncp¶t{X A¡mes¯ \mWb sshhn[yw.

                cq--]bpsS B[p\nINcn{Xw XpS§p¶Xv F Un 16þmw \qäm­nemWv. tjÀjm kqcn F¶ {]KÂ`\mb D¯tc´y³ `cWm[nImcn 1540 apX 1545 hscbpÅ Xsâ A©p hÀjs¯ `cWIme¯v ssk\nI B`y´c cwK§fn sImണ്ട­ph¶ ]cnjv¡mc§fpsS `mKambn Hcp ]pXnb shÅn\mWbw AhXcn¸n¨p. 178 s{Kbn³ (1 s{Kbn³ = 0.065 {Kmw) `mcap­ണ്ടmbncp¶ B shÅn \mWb¯n\v At±lw \ÂInb t]cv dp]nb F¶mbncp¶p. XpSÀ¶v apKÄ ImeL«¯nepw adm¯ cmPhwi¯nsâ Ime¯pw {_n«ojv `cW¯nsâ BZyZiI§fnepsams¡ dp]nb Xs¶bmbncp¶p {][m\ \mWbw. 18þmw \qäm­ണ്ടnsâ Ahkm\ZiI§fn _m¦v Hm^v lnµpØm³, P\d _m¦v Hm^v _wKmÄ B³Uv _olmÀ, _wKmÄ _m¦v XpS§nb Øm]\§Ä t]¸À Id³kn t\m«pIÄ ]pd¯nd¡pIbp­mbn.

19þmw \qämണ്ട­n temIs¯ {]apJkm¼¯nIiànIsfÃmw kzÀ®s¯ ASnØm\am¡nb \mWbkw-hn[m\ambncp¶p ]n´pSÀ¶p t]m¶Xv.  shÅn ASnØm\am¡nb \mWbkw-hn[m\w temIcmjv{S§Ä¡p ap¶n C´ysb c­ണ്ടmw Xc¡mcm¡n amän. F¶m 20þmw \qäm­ണ്ടnsâ D¯cmÀ²¯n C´y³ cq] Xs¶bmbncp¶p H«p an¡ {_n«ojv tImf\n cmPy§fpsSbpw ASnØm\ \mWbw. Ham³, Zp_mbn, J¯À, Ipsshäv, _ldn³, GZ³, sI\nb, DKmണ്ട­, audojykv XpS§n \nch[n cmPy§Ä C¡q«¯nep­mbncp¶p.

H¶mw temIalmbp²¯n\p tijw shÅn teml¯n\p­ണ്ടmb £maamWv t]¸À Id³kn {]Ncn¸n¡p¶Xnte¡p \bn¨Xv. Hcp cq], c­ണ്ടp cq], Ac cq] t\m«pIÄ ]pd¯nd¡s¸«p. sNdnb AfhpIfnepÅ \mWb§Ä¡mbn shÅn¡p ]Icw Ipt{]m \n¡Â (sN¼v + \n¡Â) temlk¦cw D]tbmKn¡m³ XpS§n.

C¡me¯v, {]mtZinIamb kzoImcyXí\pkrXambn `mcX¯nsâ Z£nW þ ]Ýna þ _wKmÄ {]hniyIfn hnhn[ \mWb§fmbncp¶p {]Nmc¯nep­ണ്ടmbncp¶Xv. 1835  `mcXw apgph³ GI\mWb kw-hn[m\w \S¸m¡pI F¶ e£yt¯msS {_n«ojv kÀ¡mÀ tImbnt\Pv BIvSvþ1835 AhXcn¸n¨p. Cu \nbaw \S¸m¡nbtijw BZyambn ]pd¯nd¡nb \mWb¯n {_n«ojv cmPmhmbncp¶ hneyw \memasâ cq]ambncp¶p BteJ\w sNbvXncp¶Xv.

kzmX{´yeÏn¡ptijhpw Ipsds¡mÃ§Ä IqSn \½Ä {_n«ojv \mWbhyhØ Xs¶bmWv XpSÀ¶pt]m¶Xv. kzX{´ C´ybnse BZys¯ Id³kn t\m«v (1 cq]) 1949 ]pd¯nd§n. 1950 se kzmX{´y Zn\¯nemWv kzX{´ C´ybnse BZy \mWbhyhØ {]m_ey¯n hcp¶Xv. 1 cq] = 16 AW = 64 ss]k = 192 ss] F¶ {Ia¯nepÅ AW ssien (Anna Series) \mWbhyhØbmbncp¶p AXv. {_n«ojv cmPmhnsâ cq]¯n\p ]Icw kmcm\mYnse AtimIkv-Xw`ambncp¶p ]p¯³ \mWb¯nse Nn{XoIcWw. 1955 C´y³ tImbnt\Pv BIvSv \nehn h¶p. 1957 Cu \nbaw {]m_ey¯n h¶tXmsSbmWv 1 cq] = 100 \bmss]k F¶ Zimwi ssien \nehn hcp¶Xv. Cu {]{InbbmWv cq]bpsS ZimwioIcWw (Decimalisation) F¶dnbs¸Sp¶Xvv.

\½psS cmjv{S]nXmhmb almßm KmÔnbpsS Nn{Xw BteJ\w sNbvX almßm kocokv Id³kn t\m«pIÄ BZyambn ]pd¯nd¡nbXv 1996 emWv.

5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 cq] t\m«pIfmWv Ct¸mÄ dnkÀ-hv _m¦v Hm^v C´y A¨Sn¨v ]pd¯nd¡p¶Xv. 5 cq] t\m«nsâ A¨Sn CSív \nÀ¯nh¨ncps¶¦nepw 2009  ]p\cmcw`n¡pIbp­mbn. 1960Ifn 10,000, 5000 cq] t\m«pIfpw dnkÀ-hv _m¦v ]pd¯nd¡nbncp¶p. th­ണ്ട{X kzoImcyX In«m¯Xn\m ]n¶oSv ]n³-hen¨p. dnkÀ-hv _m¦vv ]pd¯nd¡nbn«pÅ Gähpw DbÀ¶ XpIípÅ Id³kn t\m«v 10,000 cq]bptSXmWv.

2010 emWv cq]bpsS ]pXnb NnÓw ‘ ` ’ HutZymKnIambn AwKoIcn¡s¸«Xv. A´mcmjv{S hyhlmc§fn C´y³ cq]bpsS Npcps¡gp¯v (ISO Code) INR F¶msW¶pw HmÀ¡pI.

കുറിപ്പുകൾ

‘cq]’ F¶mÂ…

dp]nb F¶ t]cv C´ybpsS Id³kn¡v k½m\n¨Xv  tjÀjm kqcnbmWv. Ct´mþBcy³ `mjIfnse shÅn F¶À°w hcp¶ dq]v AYh dq] F¶ hm¡n \n¶mWv dp]nb F¶ hm¡nsâ DZbw. cq-]yIw F¶ kw-kvIrX]Z¯n\v shÅn\mWbw F¶mWÀ°w.

\mat`Z§Ä

`mjm{]tbmK§fnepÅ sshPmXyw {]ISamsW¦nepw cp]nb F¶Xnt\mSp kmayapÅ ]Z§fmWv `mcX¯nsâ H«pan¡`mK§fnepw \nehnepÅXv. F¶m Bkmw, {Xn]pc, HUnj, ]Ýna_wKmÄ XpS§nb kw-Øm\§fn ]Ww F¶ÀYw hcp¶ ‘S¦’ F¶ hm¡nsâ cq]t`Z§fmWv cq]sb kqNn¸n¡m³ D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv.

tjÀjm kqcn (1486 -1545)    

cq]bpsS ap³-Kmanbmb dp]nb F¶ shÅn\mWbw C´ybnemZyambn ]pd¯nd¡nbXv tjÀjm kqcnbmWv. amXm]nXm¡Ä At±l¯n\n« t]cv ^coZv Jm³ F¶mbncp¶p. ZnÃn tI{µam¡n kqcn km{amPyw Øm]n¨Xv tjÀ Jm³ F¶pIqSn hnfnt¸cpÅ tjÀjm kqcnbmWv. k-aÀY\mb `cWm[nImcnbmbncp¶p tjÀj. 7þmw \qämt­msS XIÀ¶v \mtim·pJambnt¸mb Ncn{X\Kcnbmb ]mSeo]p{Xs¯ ]p\cp²cn¨v ]äv\ F¶p t]cn«Xpw C´ybnse Gähpw \ofapÅ tdmUmb Km³Uv {S¦v tdmUv _w¥mtZinse NnätKmwKv apX A^vKm\nØm\nse Im_qÄ hsc \o«nsbSp¯Xpsams¡ A^vKm³ hwiP\mb tjÀJmsâ `cW t\«§fmWv.

dp-]nb F¶ shÅn\mWb¯n\p ]pdta samlv-À F¶ kzÀ® \mWbhpw Zmw F¶ sN¼p\mWbhpw tjÀjm kqcn ]pd¯nd¡n. C§s\, ]n¡me¯v apKÄ km{amPy¯nsâ \mWbssienbmbnamdnb {Xnteml (kzÀ®w, shÅn, sN¼v) \mWb k{¼Zmb¯n\p \mµnIpdn¨Xpw At±lambncp¶p. C´ybnse t]mÌ kw-hn[m\w ]p\{IaoIcn¨Xnsâ ]n¶nepw tjÀJmsâ Ic§fp­ണ്ടmbncp¶p.

tjÀjm kqcnbpsS PohnXhpw `cWImehpw tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶ ]pkv-XIamWv ‘Xmcnlv þ C þ tjÀjmln’. AIv_À N{IhÀ¯nbpsS kZky\m bncp¶ Aºmkv Jm³ kcmh\n bmWv Cu IrXnbpsS IÀ¯mhv.

1545 sabv 13 \v cP]p{X·mcpambpÅ kw-LÀj¯n\nsS Hcp shSnacp¶v kvt^mS\¯n tjÀjm kqcn sImÃs¸SpIbmbncp¶p.

]¶n cq]!      

             cq]bpsS Ncn{X¯nse ckIcamsbmtcSmWv ]¶n cq]bptSXv. IYbn§s\þ 1911   tPmÀPv A©ma³ {_n«ojv N{IhÀ¯nbmbn Ahtcm[n¡s¸«Xnsâ BËmZkqNIambn C´ybn Hcp ]pXnb shÅn\mWbw ]pd¯nd¡n. N§ebn Xf¨ B\bpsS cq]w BteJ\w sNbvX cmPhkv-{Xw [cn¨ N{IhÀ¯nbpsS cq]ambncp¶p \mWb¯n ap{ZWw sNbvXncp¶Xv. ap{ZW¯nsâ A]mIXsIm­mhmw B\sb I­m ]¶nsbt¸mep­mbncp¶p. ]¶nsb¶ arKw aX]cambn \njn²ambncp¶Xn\m Cu \mWb¯nsâ {]Nmcw cmPys¯ apÉow P\hn`mKs¯ sNmSn¸n¨p. Hcp henb hn`mKw P\§Ä Xnckv¡cn¨tXmsS ‘]¶ncq]’ ]n³-hen¡phm³ {_n«ojv Khs×âv \nÀº²cmhpIbmbncp¶p.

tIcf¯nse \mWb§Ä

tIcf¯nsâ \mWbhn\nab Ncn{X¯n\pw \qämണ്ട­pIfpsS ]g¡ap­ണ്ട്. s]m³-]Ww, hoccmb³ ]Ww, IenbpKcmb³ ]Ww, ]cipcma³ cmin, Ig©v, N{Iw, ]mÞy¡miv, tNmgnb³ Imiv, Xpep¡p Imiv XpS§nbh \½psS {]mNo\ \mWb§fmbncp¶p. tIcf¯nsâ Gähpw ]g¡tadnb kzÀ®\mWbambncp¶p cmin. Hcp Ime¯v Z£ntW´ybnemsI {]Ncn¨ncp¶ \mWbambncp¶p ‘]Ww’. A¶v hym]Iambn D]tbmKn¨ncp¶XpsIm­ണ്ടmhmw ]n¡me¯v [\w F¶Xn\p ]cymbambn amdn ]Ww F¶ ]Zw. A¶v thWmSv, sIm¨n, tImgnt¡mSv  cmPy§Ä¡v AhchcptSXmb ‘]Ww’ D­mbncp¶p. kzÀ®hpw shÅnbpw sN¼psams¡ ]Ww \nÀ½n¡m³ D]tbmKn¨p t]m¶p.

sIm¨n cmPys¯ Gähpw ]gb \mWbambncp¶p Ienbta\n. F¶m sIm¨nbnse Gähpw {]ikv-Xn t\Snb \mWbw ]p¯³ Bbncp¶p. N{I¯nsâ \msS¶mbncp¶p XncphnXmw-IqÀ Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. 1790 ]Zva\m`]pc¯v XncphnXmw-Iqdnse BZys¯ \mWb¡½«w Øm]nXambn.

C´y¡p kzmX{´yw In«pt¼mÄ kz´ambn \mWband¡m³ A[nImcap­ണ്ടmbncp¶ GI \m«pcmPyambncp¶p XncphnXmw-IqÀ.

]gb IW¡pIÄ!

1957 ZimwioIcWw þ 1 cq]=100 ss]k F¶ ssien þ {]m_ey¯nemIp¶Xn\p ap¼v Hcp cq] F¶m 16 AWbmbncp¶p. HcW 4 ss]kbpw Hcp ss]k 3 ss] Bbpw hn`Pn¨ncp¶p. AXmbXv 1 cq] = 16 AW = 64 ss]k = 192 ss]. 1955se C´y³ tImbnt\Pv BIvSv 1957 G{]n 1 \mWv {]m_ey¯nembXv. AtXmsS 1 cq] = 100 \bm ss]k F¶ k-ahmIyw \nehn h¶p. 1964 HmsS ‘\bm’ Hgnhm¡s¸SpIbpw ‘ss]k’ am{Xambn Npcp§pIbpw sNbvXp.

 

hntZin cq]!

]e hntZicmPy§fnsebpw HutZymKnI \mWb¯nsâ t]cv cq] F¶p Xs¶bmWv. Ct´mt\jy, audojykv, ]mInØm³, {ioe¦, t\¸mÄ XpS§nb cmPy§fpsS Id³knbpw ‘cq]’bmsW¶Xv HmÀ¡pI.

 

`mcXob dnkÀ-hv _m¦v.

C´ybpsS tI{µ _m¦mWv dnk-À-hv _m¦v. 1934 se dnk-À-hv _m¦v Hm^v C´y BIvSv þ sk£³ 22 {]Imcw 1935 G{]n 1 \mWv dnk-À-hv _m¦v Hm^v C´y cq]oIrXamIp¶Xv. 5 tImSn cq]bmbncp¶p Øm]nXaqe[\w. 1949se _m¦v tZikm¡cW¯n\p ap¼v CsXmcp kzImcy Øm]\ambncp¶p. \nehn `mcXkÀ¡mcnsâ ]qÀ® DSaØXbnemWv dnk-À-hv _m¦v {]hÀ¯n¡p¶Xv.

C´ybn tZiob IcpX [\¯nsâ kq£n¸pImc\pw ]Whn\nab¯nsâ tI{µhpamWv dnkÀ-hv _m¦v. ‘_mt¦gvkv _m¦v’ F¶pw CXdnbs¸Sp¶p.

`mcXob dnkÀ-hv _m¦v 1938 BZyambn Cd¡nb 5 cq] t\m«n tPmÀPv Bdma³ cmPmhnsâ Nn{Xambncp¶p BteJ\w sNbvXncp¶Xv.

dnkÀ-hv _m¦v KhÀ®dpw 19 AwK Ub-dIvSÀ t_mÀUpamWv _m¦nsâ {]hÀ¯\§Ä \nb{´n¡p¶Xv. XpS¡¯n dnk-À-hv _m¦v Imcymebw sIm¡¯bnembncp¶p. sshImsX 1937  CXv apwss_bnte¡v amän. tIcf¯n Xncph\´]pc¯pw sIm¨nbnepamWv imJIfpÅXv.

C´ybn Id³kn t\m«pIÄ ]pd¯nd¡p¶Xv `mcXob dnkÀ-hv _m¦v BWv. Id³knbnse H¸v dnkÀ-hv _m¦v KhÀWdptSXmbncn¡pw. P½p IivaoÀ HgnsIbpÅ kw-Øm\§fpsS km¼¯nI CS]mSpIÄ¡v taÂt\m«w hln¡p¶Xpw Cu Øm]\¯nsâ NpaXebmWv. A´mcmjv{S \mWb\n[nbn C´ysb {]Xn\n[oIcn¡p¶Xpw Id³knbpsS hn\nabaqeyw Im¯pkq£n¡p¶Xpsams¡ dnk-À-hv _m¦nsâ aäp NpaXeIfmWv.

BZy KhÀWÀ þ kÀ Hmkv-t_m¬ kvan¯v

C´y¡mc\mb BZy KhÀWÀ þ kn.Un. tZivapJv.

Ct¸mgs¯ KhÀWÀ þ  cLpdmw cmP³.

hymPId³knbpsS hym]\w XSbpI F¶ e£yhpambn `mcXob dnkÀ-hv _m¦v AhXcn¸n¨ ]pXnb sh_v sskämWv ‘ss]km t_mÂXm ssl’ (www.paisaboltahai.rbi.org.in).

cq]bvs¡mcp NnÓw!

tZh\mKcn en]nbnse ¸ F¶ A£chpw emän³ A£camebnse R Dw ka\zbn¸n¨ cq]¯n XncÈo\ambn Hcp hc IqSn tNÀ¯ cq]amWv cq]bpsS NnÓamb ‘ ` ’ \pÅXv. C´y³ cq]ív X\Xmb Hcp NnÓ¯n \mbn `mcX]uc·mÀ¡nSbn \S¶ Xpd¶ aÕc¯ns\mSphn Xangv \mSv kztZinbmb Un. DZbIpamdnsâ Unssk³ sXcsªSp¡s¸SpIbmbncp¶p. 2010 Pqsse 15 \v Cu ]pXnb NnÓw HutZymKnIambn \nehn h¶p. ‘ ` ’ NnÓ¯nse XncÝo\amb hcIfpw AhínSbnse shfp¯ {]Xehpw \½psS tZiob ]XmIsb A\pkvacn¸n¡p¶p.

‘ ` ’ NnÓapÅ BZy \mWbw 2011 Pqsse 8 \p ]pd¯nd§n.

t\m«Snbpw \mWb ap{ZWhpw.

dnkÀ-hv _m¦v Hm^v C´ybpsS IognepÅ Id³kn amt\Pvsaâv hn`mKamWv Id³kn t\m«pIfpsS cq]Iå\bpw A¨Snbpw hnXcWhpw \nb{´n¡p¶Xv.

C´ybn \menS§fnembn t\m«pIÄ A¨Sn¡s¸Sp¶p. CXn cs­ണ്ട®w `mcXkÀ¡mcnsâ t\cn«pÅ DSaØXbnepw cs­®w dnkÀ-hv _m¦nsâ DSaØXbnepÅ `mcXob dnkÀ-hv _m¦v t\m«v ap{Z¬ enanäUv (BRBNML)F¶ Øm]\¯nsâ IognepamWv {]hÀ¯n¡p¶Xv. `mcX kÀ¡mdnsâ DSaØXbnepÅ {]ÊpIÄ \mkn¡nepw (almcmjv{S) tZhmknep(a[y{]tZiv)amWv. dnkÀ-hv _m¦n\p IognepÅh ssakqdnepw kmÂ_\n (]Ýna _wKmÄ)bnepw.

1906 se \mWbap{ZW N« (Coinage Act) a\pkcn¨mWv C´ybn \mWb ap{ZWw \S¡p¶Xv. hnhn[§fmb \mWb§fpsS cq]Iå\bpw ap{ZWhpw `mcX kÀ¡mcnsâ NpaXebmWv. C§s\ ap{ZWw sN¿s¸« \mWb§Ä BÀ _n sF BIvSn\phnt[bambn dnkÀ-hv _m¦v Hm^v C´y hgn hnXcWw sN¿s¸Sp¶p. apwss_, ssl{Zm_mZv, t\mbnU, sImÂI¯ F¶o \menS§fnemWv \mWb¡½«§Ä (Mints) \nehnepÅXv.

I½«§Ä Xncn¨dnbmw!

\mWb§fnse hÀj§fpsS ap{ZW¯n\p XmsgbpÅ sNdpNn Ah \nÀ½n¡s¸« I½«§sfbmWv kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv. Uba­v NnÓw apwss_sbbpw \£{XNnÓw ssl{Zm_mZns\bpw ZimwiNnÓw t\mbnUsbbpw kqNn¸n¡p¶p. NnÓsam¶pansæn B \mWbw ap{ZWw sNbvXXv sIm¡¯bnemWv.

t\m«nse `mjIÄ!

\½psS Id³kn t\m«pIfn AXnsâ XpI 17 `mjIfnembmWv tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶Xv. t\m«nsâ Hcp hi¯v lnµnbnepw Cw¥ojnepw. adphi¯v C´ybnse {][m\s¸« aäp 15 `mjIfnepw. `mjIfpsS Cw¥ojnepÅ A£camem {Ia¯nemWv XpI tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡pI. Bkmaokv, _wKmfn, KpPdm¯n, I¶U, Iivaocn, sIm§Wn, aebmfw, adm¯n, t\¸mfn, Hdnb, ]©m_n, kw-kvIrXw, Xangv, sXep¦v, ഉർദു F¶n§s\bmWp `mjm{Iaw.

Ggmw Øm\¯mWv aebmfw F¶tXmÀ¡pI.

t\m«nse \nd§fpw Nn{XoIcWhpw

t\m«v	\ndw	Nn{XoIcWw
5 cq]	]¨	{SmÎÀ
10 cq]	Hmd©v, hbeäv	Im­ണ്ടmarKw, B\, ISph
20 cq]	Nph¸v, Hmd©v	sX§v
50 cq]	hbeäv	]mÀesaâv aµncw
100 cq]	\oe, ]¨	lnameb ]À-ÆX\nc
500 cq]	Henhv, aª	ZÞn bm{X
1000 cq]	Bw_À, \ndw	C´y³ k¼Zv-hyhØ

]qPyw cq] t\m«v!

A§s\bpsam¶p­v! dnkÀ-hv _m¦nd¡p¶ Id³kn t\m«söp am{Xw! cmjv{Sob þ `cW tI{µ§fnse AgnaXnIsf sNdp¡p¶Xnsâ `mKambn «mWv ]qPyw cq] t\m«v (Zero Rupee Note) {]Ncn¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xv. cq]¯n \½psS 50 cq] t\m«nt\mSmWp kmayw. `cWXe¯n hym]Iamb ssI-¡-qenbn {]Xntj[n¨v 2007 ^n^vXv ]nÃÀ F¶ F³ Pn H BWv ]qPyw cq] t\m«v ]pd¯nd¡nbXv. Id³knbnse km[mcW hmNI§Ä¡p ]Icw “ Eliminate corruption at all levels”, “ I promise to neither accept nor give bribe” F¶n§s\bmWv kotdm dp¸o t\m«nse BteJ\w.

\mWb\nÀ½nXn.
{]tXyI ssienbn \nÀ½n¨ ISemkpIfmWv t\m«p\nÀ½nXn¡mbn D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. ]cp¯n(cotton)bpw Nne {]tXyI Xcw hÀ®I§fpw tN¯mWv Id³kn t]¸dnsâ ]ĸv X¿mdm¡p¶Xv. tXbvam\s¯ sNdp¡phm\pw Npcp­pt]mbm kzbw \nhÀ¶phcm\pw ZoÀLImew tISp]mSnÃmsX \ne\n¡phm\pw hymP\nÀ½nXn XSbp¶Xn\pw C¯cw \nÀ½mWcoXn klmbn¡p¶p.

\mWb§Ä \nÀ½n¡m³ s^ssdänIv sÌbn³ekv ÌoÂ, Ipt{]m \n¡Â k¦cw XpS§nbhbmWv D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. 2005 emWv 10 cq]bpsS Zznteml\mWbw (Bimetallic Coin) ]pd¯nd§p¶Xv.

kpc£m amÀ¤§Ä!

]t¯mfw kpc£m amÀ¤§Ä DÄt¨À¯mWv Hmtcm Id³kn t\m«pw ]pd¯nd¡nbncn¡p¶Xv. hymP\nÀ½nXn XSbm³ kpc£nX hm«À amÀ¡v, kpc£m \mS, kq£vaamb tcJs¸Sp¯epIÄ, ^vvfqdsk³kv, UnPnä Nn{XoIcW§Ä F¶nh Ahbn NneXp am{Xw.

¹mÌnIv Id³kn

\man¶p ImWp¶ t]¸À Id³kn t\m«pIfn \n¶v hyXykv-Xambn t]mfnaÀ sIm­p \nÀ½n¨ Id³kn t\m«pIÄ ]ecmPy§fnepw {]Nmc¯nep­v. Ch ¹mÌnIv Id³knsb¶pw Adnbs¸Sp¶p. km[mcWbmbn BOPP – Biaxially Oriented Poly Propylene F¶ t]mfnaÀ ]ZmÀYamWv t\m«p \nÀ½n¡phm\p]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. t]¸À t\m«pIsf¡mÄ hfsc DbÀ¶ PohnXssZÀLyhpw hymP\nÀ½nXn hfsc _p²nap«msW¶Xpw {]IrXn¡v tZmjIcasöXpsams¡ t]mfnaÀ t\m«nsâ kzoImcyX hÀ²n¸n¡p¶p­v.

Hmkvt{Senb³ dnkÀ-hv _m¦mWv BZyambn 1988 t]mfnaÀ t\m«pIÄ ]pd¯nd¡p¶Xv. 1996 HmsS Hmkvt{Senb ]qÀ®ambpw t]mfnaÀ t\m«pIfnte¡v amdn. ]qÀ®ambpw t]mfnaÀ t\m«pIÄ D]tbmKn¡p¶ aäp cmPy§fmWv þ {_qsW, \yqkneâv, sdmta\nb, hnbäv\mw, ]m¸ph \yq Kn\n, ^nPn, audojykv, Iym\U, C{kmtb XpS§nbh.

C´ybn ¹mÌnIv t\m«pIÄ AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xn\pÅ {ia§Ä BÀ _n sF XpS§n¡gnªp. Cu hÀjw Ahkm\t¯msS \½psS sIm¨nbpÄs¸sS cmPys¯ 4 \Kc§fn ]¯p cq]bpsS Hcp Zie£w t]mfnaÀ t\m«pIÄ hnXcWw sN¿m\mWv BÀ _n sF \o¡w.

¹mÌnIv Id³kn(Plastic Currency)bpw ¹mÌnIv aWn (Plastic Money)bpw H¶Ã. t\m«pIÄ¡p ]Icw \map]tbmKn¡p¶ s{IUnäv ImÀUpw sU_näv ImÀUpapÄs¸sSbpÅ lmÀUv ¹mÌnIv ImÀUpIfpsS Hma\t¸cmWv ‘¹mÌnIv aWn.’

]Ws¸cp¸hpw ]W¨pcp¡hpw

\mWb¯nsâ aqeyw IpdbpIbpw XÂ^eambn Nc¡pIfpsS hne hÀ²n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ {]Xn`mkamWv ]Ws¸cp¸w. hym]mc¯n\v BhiyapÅXne[nIw ]Ww e`yamIpt¼mgmWnXv kw-`hn¡p¶Xv.

t\tcadn¨v \mWb¯nsâ aqeyw IqSpIbpw A§s\ Nc¡pIfpsSbpw tkh\§fpsSbpw hne IpdbpIbpw sN¿p¶ AhØbmWv ]W¨pcp¡w.

തൊഴിൽ‌വാർത്ത ‘ഹരിശ്രീ’ (മെയ് 10, 2014-) യിൽ പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിച്ചത്

കറണ്ടിന്റെ കഥ.

\½psS PohnX¯nsâ kakvX Xe§fnepw ka{Kamb kzm[o\w sNep¯p¶ DuÀÖcq]amWv sshZ|Xn. \apç Npäpw Imé¶ FÃm aëjy\nÀ½nXhkvXp¡fpsSbpw \nÀ½mW¯nsâ GsX¦nepsams¡ L«§fn sshZ|tXmÀÖw D]tbmKn¡s¸«n«ps­ണ്ട¶dnbp¶Xv sIuXpIIcatÃ!

sshZ|Xnsb¶mÂ…

efnXambn¸dªm NmÀPpÅ IW§fpsS {]hmlamWv sshZ|Xn. Hcp km[mcW JcNmeI¯n CeIvt{SmWpIfpsS {]hmlamWp sshZ|Xnsb¦n Hcp _mädnbn AYh CeIvt{Smsseän AtbmWpIfmWv sshZ|XNme\w km[yam¡p¶Xv. AÀ²NmeI§fnemIs« CeIvt{SmWpIfpw tlmfp (Bä¯nse CeIvt{Sm¬ Hgnhp Øe§Ä) Ifpw sshZ|X Nme\¯n\p ImcWamIp¶pണ്ട­v. 

X¡mew km[mcW NmeI§fnse¡mcyw t\m¡mw. 1 apX 3 hsc CeIvt{SmWpIÄ Bä¯nsâ _mly sjÃn DÅ Xcw ]ZmÀY§fmWv anI¨ sshZ|XNme\ kz`mhw Im«p¶Xv. shÅnbpw sN¼pw kzÀ®hpsaÃmw C¡q«¯nÂs]Spw. C§s\  _mlysjÃnepÅ CeIvt{SmWpIsf kzX{´ CeIvt{SmWpIÄ (Free Electrons) F¶p hnfn¡p¶p. C¯cw Cet{ÎmWpIÄ¡v ]pdta \n¶v Ipd¨v DuÀÖw \ÂInbm Chsb Nen¸n¡phm\mIpw. C§s\ tNmZnXamb (Charged) CeIvt{SmWpIfpsS {]hmlamWv sshZ|Xn F¶p a\Ênem¡mw.

kzX{´ CeIvt{SmWpIÄ¡v Nen¡phm\mhiyamb _ew \ÂIpI F¶ [À½amWv _mädn¡pw P\tdädn\psams¡ DÅXv.   hnZ|Xv NmeI _ew (Electromotive Force - emf) AYh thmÄt«Pv F¶p hnfn¡p¶Xv Cu _es¯bmWv.

thmÄt«Pv ImcWw Id­ണ്ടpണ്ട­mIp¶p F¶v kmcw..

]pcmtcJIÄ

        sshZ|Xnsb¶ Bibw aëjysâ a\Ên ]ndhnsbSp¯Xv F¶msW¶Xp hyàaÃ. e`yamb Ncn{X tcJIÄ hncevNqണ്ട­p¶Xv {InkvXphnë ap¼v Bdmw \qäm­ണ്ടnte¡mWv. _n kn 600  ]pcmX\ {Koknse ssaenäkv ]«W¯n Pohn¨nê¶ tXenkv (BC 624-546)F¶ X¯zNn´I\mWv ØnX sshZ|Xn (Static electricity) Fì \manì hnfnç¶ {]Xn`mks¯ Ncn{X¯nemZyambn tcJs¸Sp¯nbXmbn Imé¶Xv. ac¡d DdªpI«nbmbp­ണ്ടmæ¶ Bw_À t]mepÅ ]ZmÀY§Ä I¼nfnbnepcknbm AXn\v XeapSn\mêIsfbpw aäp Nne sNdp hkvXp¡sfbpw BIÀjn¡m³ Ignbpsa¶v At±lw Isണ്ട­¯n. IqSpX kabw I¼nfnbnepckpt¼mÄ sNdnb Nne sshZ|Xkv^penwK§Ä (Sparks) t]mepap­ണ്ടmæ¶Xmbn At±l¯në ImWm³ Ignªp.

sshZ|XnbpsS ]nev¡meNcn{Xw FUn 1600 XpSêì. Fenk_¯vþ1 cmÚn bpsS Ime¯v Cw¥ണ്ട­nse sshZy\mbnê¶ hneyw Knev_À«v sshZ|XnbpsSbpw Im´nIXbpsSbpw taJebn Gsd KthjW§Ä \S¯n. At±l¯nsâ hÀj§Ä \o­ണ്ട KthjW^e§Ä emän³ `mjbn Aì {]kn²oIcn¨ Treatise De Magnete- Magneticisique Corporibus F¶ IrXnbn tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pണ്ട­v. Gsd {]ikvXn t\Snb CtX IrXnbnemWv sshZ|Xn¡v ‘Electrica’ F¶ ]Zw At±lw \nÀt±in¨Xv.

BZy]YnIÀ

        hneyw KnÂ_À«n \nìw {]tNmZ\apÄs¡m­ണ്ട­v [mcmfw imkv{XÚÀ Cu ]pXnb imkv{XimJsb ]Tnçhmëw KthjW§Ä \S¯phmëw apt¶m«phì. PÀ½\nbn Hmt«m hm³ K|dn¡v, {^m³kn NmÄkv Zps^, Cw¥­n Ìo^³ t{K XpS§nbhcmbnêì Chcn {]apJÀ.

FUn 1660  Hmt«mhm³ K|dn¡v sshZ|X NmÀPv Dev¸mZn¸n¡m³ Ignbp¶ Hê]IcW¯në cq]w \evIn. BZy ØnX sshZ|X P\tdäÀ A§s\ P·wsIm­ണ്ടp.

kÀ tXmakv s{_u¬ F¶ imkv{XÚ\mWv 1646 {]kn²oIcn¨ ‘k}tUmtUmIvknb’ F¶ Xsâ ]pkvXI¯n "Ce{Înknän' F¶ ]Zw BZyambn D]tbmKn¨Xv.

1729 Ìo^³ t{K sshZ|XnbpsS Ne\kz`mhw (Conduction) Is­ണ്ട¯n. ]ZmÀY§sf sshZ|Xn IS¯nhnSp¶sXìw(NmeI§Ä) IS¯nhnSm¯hsbìw  (æNmeI§Ä) thÀXncn¨Xpw At±lamWv.

sshImsX 1733 Â NmÄkv Zps^ sshZ|Xn¡v cണ്ട­p Xc¯nepÅ kz`mhapsണ്ട­¶vv Xncn¨dnªp. At±lahsb sdkn\kv (þ) Fìw hn{Snbkv (+) Fìw hnfn¨p. ]nev¡me¯v \mw Ahsb s\Käohv Fì s]mknäohv Fìw hnfnçIbpണ്ട­mbn.

hgnsXfn¨hÀ

               1750 Xsâ {]ikvXamb ]«w ]d¯Â ]co£W¯neqsS Atacn¡³ imkv{XÚëw cm{ãX{´Úëw ]{X{]hÀ¯Iësams¡bmbnê¶ _©an³ {^m¦ven³ BWv sshZ|XnbpsS kz`mhkhntijXIsf¸änbpÅ KthjW§Ä¡v \mµn ædnç¶Xv. Hê ]«¯nsâ NcSn tImÀ¯ Xmt¡m CSnbpw an¶epapÅ BImit¯¡v ]d¯ns¡mണ്ട­v CSnan¶se¶m sshZ|Xn Xs¶bmsWì Is­ണ്ട¯n, At±lw. an¶Â c£m NmeIsa¶ Ncn{X¯nse BZys¯ sshZ|X D]IcWw I­ണ്ടp]nSn¨Xpw _©an³ {^m¦vfn³ BWv.

A¡me¯v sshZ|XnbpsS {]mtbmKnI D]tbmK§Ä KthjW§fneqsS Xncn¨dnªhcn {]apJcmbnêì slân Imh³Unjv(Cw¥ണ്ട­v), NmÄkv AKÌn³ Un Iqfw_v ({^m³kv), enbqPn KmÂh\n (Cäen) XpS§nb imkvXÚÀ.

hnhn[ ]ZmÀY§fpsS sshZ|Xn IS¯nhnSp¶XnëÅ Ignhn (Conductivity)s\¸än sl³-dn Imh³Unjv KthjW§Ä \S¯pIbpw Xsâ Is­ണ്ട¯epIÄ {]kn²oIcnçIbpw sNbvXp. sshZ|XaÞe§sf¸änbpw sshZ|X NmÀPnë Npäpw C¯cw sshZ|XaÞe§fpsS {]`mhs¯¸änbpw Iqfw_v Gsd KthjW§Ä \S¯pIbp­ണ്ടmbn.

XpSÀKthjW§fpambn cwKs¯¯nbhcn Gsd t\«§Ä sImbvXXv Cäenbn AeÊm­À thmÄ«, sU·mÀ¡n lm³kv {InÌy³ Hmbv-ÀÌUv, {^m³kn Bt{µ B¼nbÀ, PÀa\nbn tPmÀPv Hmw, Cw¥­ണ്ടn ssa¡Â ^mctU, Atacn¡bn tPmk^v sl³dn XpS§nbhcmbnêì. 

sshZ|Xn tiJcn¨p hímëXæ¶ Hê D]IcWw AD 1800 AeIvkm³t{Um thmÄ« I­ണ്ടp]nSn¨p. BZys¯ sshZ|X _mädnþ thmÄ«m skÂþ A§s\ P·saSp¯p. ]nev¡me¯v Ct±l¯nsâ _lpam\mÀYamWv "thmÄ«v' F¶ bqWnäv {]Nmc¯nembXv.

sshZ|Xn {]hlnç¶ Hê NmeI¯në Npäpw Im´nI t£{Xw Dണ്ട­mæsa¶ Gsd {]m[m\yapÅ I­ണ്ടp]nSn¯w \S¯nbXv 1820  lm³kv {InÌy³ HmbvÀÌUmWv. XpSÀ¶v 1831  hniz{]kn²\mb ssa¡v ^mctU, \manì Imé¶ {Sm³kvt^mÀadnsâbpw P\tdädnsâbpw tamt«mdnsâbpsams¡ {]hÀ¯\¯në ]n¶nse ASnØm\ X¯zw þ "sshZ|XIm´nI t{]cWw' Isണ്ട­¯n. "Hê NmeIhpambn _Ôs¸« Im´nIt£{X¯në amäap­ണ്ടmbm B NmeI¯n sshZ|Xn t{]cWw sN¿s¸Sp'sa¶ {]kvXpX X¯zs¯ ASnØm\am¡n 1831  Xs¶ At±lw BZy sshZ|X P\tdädnë cq]w \evæIbpw sNbvXp.

Cu al¯mb kw`mh\IÄ At±l¯në ]nev¡me¯v ""sshZ|XnbpsS ]nXmhv'' F¶ _lpaXn t\Sns¡mSp¯p.

CXn\nsS "thmÄ«Xbpw sshZ|X{]hml Xo{hXbpw t\cë]mX¯nembncnçw' F¶ \nÀ®mbIamb Iണ്ട­p]nSn¯hpambn 1826  tPmÀPv Hmw apt¶m«phì. CXmWv {]ikvXamb "Hmw \nbaw'. 

1835 tPmk^v sl³dn ‘kzt{]cW’ (Self induction) hpw ‘]ct{]cW’ (Mutual induction) hpw Isണ്ട­¯n. Xsâ hoSnsâ c­ണ്ടmw \nebnse Hê hbdneqsS {]hlnç¶ sshZ|Xn¡v \nehdbnse kam\amb Hê hbdn sshZ|Xnsb t{]cWw sN¿m³ Ignbpsa¶v At±lw ]co£n¨dnªp.

FUnk\pw sSkvebpw sshZ|Xn bp²hpw.

        tXmakv BÂh FUnk³ F¶ NnckvacWob\mb imkv{XÚ\mWv BZys¯ h³InS ]hÀ luknë cq]w \evInbXv. 1882 At±lw \}tbmÀ¡v \Kcnbn Øm]n¨ Pearlstreat Power Station\v 5000 sshZ|X _Ä_pIsf {]Imin¸n¡m³ Ignhpണ്ട­mbnêì. (1880 Xs¶ ZoÀLt\cw {]Iminçhm³ Ignbp¶ sshZ|X_Ä_n\v FUnk³ cq]w \ÂInbnêì)

A¡me¯mWv Aìhsc {]Nmc¯nep­ണ്ടmbnê¶ t\À[mcm sshZ|Xn (Direct Current- DC)¡v _Zembn {]XymhÀ¯n[mcm sshZ|Xn (Alternating Current- AC) cwK{]thiw sN¿p¶Xv. FUnksâ I¼\nbnse ap³ Poh\¡mc\mb \nt¡mfm sSkvebmbnêì Fkn kmt¦XnIhnZybpsS D]ÚmXmhpw apJy{]NmcIëw. thmÄ«X Iq«mëw ædímëamhnà F¶Xpw BbXn\m ZoÀLZqc{]kcWw km[yasöXpw A¶v {]Nmc¯nep­ണ്ടmbnê¶ UnknbpsS ]cnanXnIfmbnêì. {Sm³kvt^mÀadpIÄ D]tbmKn¨v thmÄ«X btYjvSw Iq«mëw ædímëw Ffp¸amsW¶Xpw A§s\ Zqc§fnte¡v {]kcWw km[yamsW¶Xpw Fkn¡v IqSpX kzoImcyX \evIn. 1883 sSÉ cq]w \evInb "sSkve tImbnÂ' F¶ D]IcWw {Sm³kvt^mÀadnsâ ap³Kmanbmbnêì. 1884 sSkve Xs¶ BZy Fkn P\tdädnëw cq]w \evIn. At±l¯nsâ Fkn kwhn[m\w; P\tdäÀ, {Sm³kvt^mÀaÀ, {]kcWsseëIÄ, sshZ|XhnfçIÄ, tamt«mdpIÄ XpS§nbhbpÄs¸« k¼qÀ® kwhn[m\w Xs¶bmbnêì. {]XymhÀ¯n [mcm sshZ|Xnbn \nt¡mfm sSkve \S¯nb ]co£W\nco£W§fn At±l¯n\v FÃm klmbhpw \evIns¡mണ്ട­v shÌn§vlukv Ce{În¡Â I¼\n DSabmbnê¶ tPmÀPv shÌn§vlukv Ncn{X¯nenSw t\Sn.

XpSÀ¶v t\À[mcm sshZ|XnbmtWm {]XymhÀ¯n[mcm sshZ|XnbmtWm IqSpX sa¨sa¶ hnjb¯n UnknbpsS hàmhmb FUnkëw FknbpsS hàmhmb sSkvebpw X½n s]mcnªbp²w Xs¶ \Sì. CXv War of Currents F¶ t]cn Ncn{X¯mfpIfn tcJs¸Sp¯s¸«p. sshZ|XcwKs¯ \nÀ®mbIt\«§fpsS t]cn tXmakv BÂh FUnk³ Ncn{X¯n NnckvacWt\Snsb¦nepw ]nev¡me¯v temIw IogS¡nbXv \nt¡mf sSkvebpsS {]XymhÀ¯n[mcm sshZ|Xn Xs¶bmbnêì.

അനുബന്ധം

Gknbpw Uoknbpw

Htc Znibn am{Xw XpSÀ¨bmbn {]hln¡p¶ sshZ|XnbmWv t\À[mcm sshZ|Xn AYh Direct Current (DC). Hcp _mädnbn \n¶pw e`n¡p¶Xv Un kn BWv.

 \nbXamb kab{Ia¯n CcpZniIfnte¡pw (t]mknänhv & s\Känhv) hyXykv-X AfhpIfnte¡pw amdns¡mണ്ട­ncn¡p¶ sshZ|XnbmWv {]XymhÀ¯n[mcm sshZ|Xn AYh Alternating Current (AC). km[mcW sshZ|Xn hnXcW¯n\v Fkn BWp]tbmKn¡p¶Xv

 XcwKcq]¯nemWv FknbpsS {]hmlw. Hcp sk¡ân C¯cw F{X XcwK§Ä Hcp NmeI¯neqsS {]hln¡p¶p F¶Xn\mWv Bhr¯n AYh {^oIz³kn F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. \½psS AwKoIrX kss¹ {^oIz³kn 50 slÀ-Svkv (50 Hz) BWv.

{Sm³kvt^mÀaÀ D]tbmKn¨v btYjvSw thmÄ«X Iq«pItbm IpdípItbm sN¿msa¶Xpw A§s\ DbÀ¶ thmÄ«Xbn ZoÀLZqcw {]kcWw sN¿msa¶XpamWv Fkn bpsS {][m\ ta·.

 Fkn sshZ|Xnsb Unkn B¡n amäp¶ CeIvt{SmWnIv D]IcWamWv ‘sdIvSnss^bÀ’. Hcp Unkn P\tdädn\pÅnse ‘I½}t«ä’dnsâ [À½hpw CXp Xs¶bmWv.

Unknsb Fkn B¡n amäphm³ ‘C³-hÀ-«dpIÄ’ D]tbmKn¡p¶p.

Hmw \nbaw

sshZ|Xnsb kw_Ôn¨ Hê kp{][m\ \nbaamWv Hmw \nbaw (Ohm’s Law). Hê NmeI¯neqsS {]hlnç¶ sshZ|XnbpsS Afhv B NmeI¯nsâ c­ä§Ä X½nepÅ s]m«³jy hyXnbm\¯n\v (thmÄt«Pv) t\cë]mX¯nembncnçw F¶XmWv Hmw \nbaw.

1827  PÀ½³ `uXnIimkv{XÚ\mbnê¶ tPmÀPv sska¬ Hmw BWv Hmw \nbaw AhXcn¸n¨Xv. Cu \nba¯neqsS sshZ|X{]Xntcm[w F¶ Bibhpw \nÀ-ÆNn¡s¸«p.

sshZ|X{]Xntcm[¯nsâ (Resistance) bqWnämbn ]nev¡me¯v "Hmw' (Ω) \nehn hì. (Hcp hkv-XphneqsS sshZ|Xn {]hln¡p¶Xns\ FXnÀ¡p¶ B hkv-Xphnsâ Xs¶ kz`mhamWv sshZ|X {]Xntcm[w.)

NmeIwþ AÀ²NmeIwþ æNmeIw

sshZ|Xn \¶mbn IS¯nhnSp¶ ]ZmÀY§fmWv NmeI§Ä (Conductors). C¯cw ]ZmÀY§Ä¡v {]Xntcm[I kz`mhw (Resistivity) Xoscçdhm bncnçw. shÅn (Silver) BWv Gähpw anI¨ NmeIw. sN¼pw kzÀ®hpw Aepan\nbhpsams¡ NmeItijnbn shÅnbpsS sXm«p ]n¶nep ­v. Bä¯nsâ _mlyXa sjÃn (Valance Shell) 1 apX 3 Cet{ÎméIÄ hscbpff ]ZmÀY§Ä NmeI§fmbncnçw.

 sshZ|Xnsb `mKnIambn am{Xw IS¯nhnSp¶hbmWv AÀ²NmeI§Ä (Semi conductors). ChbpsS sdknÌnhnän NmeI§sf¡mÄ hfsc¡qSpXepw F¶m æNmeI§(Insulators)sf¡mÄ ædhpambncnçw. {Sm³knÌÀ, UtbmUv, FÂ. C. Un. , tkmfmÀ skÃpIÄ XpS§nbhbpsS \nÀ½mW¯në ]n¶nse ASnØm\]ZmÀY§Ä C¯cw AÀ² NmeI§fmWv. knen¡¬, sPÀta\nbw XpS§n, Bä¯nsâ _mly sjÃn 4 Cet{ÎméIfpÅ ]ZmÀY§fmWv AÀ²NmeI§fmbn D]tbm Kn¡s¸Sp¶Xv.

 sshZ|Xn IS¯nhnSm¯ ]ZmÀY§fmWv æNmeI§Ä (Insulators). Chív hfsc DbÀ¶ sdknÌnhnän D­ണ്ടmbncnçw. _mlysjÃn 5 apX 8 hsc Cet{ÎméIfpff aqeI§Ä C³kpteädpIfmbncnçw. ¥mkv, t]¸À, ssa¡, ]nhnkn, d_À XqS§nbhsbms¡ æNmeI§fmbn D]tbmKnçì.

hm«pw thmÄ«pw

Øncw Bibçg¸ap­mç¶ c­ണ്ടp ]Z§fmWv hm«pw thmÄ«pw.

 thmÄ«v (Volt) s]m«³jy hyXymkw (Potential Difference) AYh thmÄt«Pv Afç¶ bqWnämWv. CXv Cw¥ojv A£camebnse V F¶ A£cap]tbmKn¨mWv kqNn¸nçI. 240 V (knwKnÄ s^bvkv), 415 V (3 s^bvkv) F¶n§s\bmWv KmÀlnI D]tbmK¯nëÅ \½psS cmPys¯ AwKoIrX thmÄt«Pv AfhpIÄ. Cämenb³ imkv{XÚ\mbnê¶ AeIvkmt{µm thmÄ«bpsS kvacWmÀYamWv "thmÄ«v' {]Nmc¯nembXv. BZy sIan¡Â _mädnbmb "thmÄ« skÂ' Iണ്ട­p]nSn¨Xv Ct±lamsW¶dnbmatÃm..?

 DuÀÖ D]tbmK \nc¡nsâ AYh ]hdnsâ GIIamWv hm«v (Watt). Cw¥ojv A£camebnse W F¶ A£cap]tbmKn¨mWv "hm«v' kqNn¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xv. _Ä_nsâbpw tamt«mdnsâbpsams¡ tijn hm«v Afhnemé ]dbpI. Bhn F©n³ I­ണ്ടp]nSn¨ {]ikvX kvtIm«njv imkv{XÚ\mb sPbnwkv hm«v sâ kvacWmÀYamWv "hm«v' ]hdnsâ bqWnämbn kzoIcn¡s¸«Xv. Intem hm«pw (1 kW = 1000 W) saKm hm«p (1 MW = 1000000 W) sams¡ ]hdnsâ henb AfhpIfmWv.

Hê sshZ|X]hÀ luknsâ tijn ædnç¶Xv saKm hm«nemsW¶tXmÀçI.

kotdm hm«v _Ä_v !

InS¸papdnIfnse Acണ്ട­{]Imi¯n\mbn D]tbmKnç¶ _Ä_pIfpsS Hma\t¸cmWv kotdm hm«v _Ä_v!. t]ê kqNn¸nç¶Xv t]mse ]qPyw ]hdn {]hÀ¯nç¶ _Äs_mìaà CXv. 15 hm«v BWv C¯cw _Ä_pIfpsS km[m-cW DuÀÖ D]tbmK \nc¡v. Chíp ]Icw 0.5 hm«v tijnbpÅ FÂCUn (Light Emitting Diode) hnfçIÄ D]tbmKn¨m sshZ|Xn D]tbmKw GI-tZiw 1/30 Bbn ædím\mæw.

 

sshZ|XIm´nIt{]cWw

ssa¡Â ^mctU F¶ bpK{]`mh\mb imkv{XÚ\mWv 1831  sshZ|XIm´nIt{]cWw (Electromagnetic Induction) F¶ {]Xn`mkw- Is­ണ്ട¯p¶Xv. Hcp NmeIambn _Ôs¸«ncn¡p¶ Im´nIt£{X¯n\p amäap­ണ്ടmbm B NmeI¯n Hcp hnZ|Xv-NmeI_ew D±o]n¡s¸Spw F¶XmWv sshZ|XIm´nIt{]cW X¯zw.

]n¡me¯v 1835 tPmk^v sl³-dn CXn\\p_Ôamb cണ്ട­p {]Xn`mk§Ä; kzt{]cWhpw (Self Induction) ]ct{]cWhpw (Mutual Induction) Isണ്ട­¯n. Hcp NmeI¯neqsS sshZ|Xn {]hln¡pt¼mÄ AXn\p Npäpw Hcp Im´nI t£{Xw cq]s¸Sp¶pണ്ട­v. Cu Im´nIt£{X¯n\p amäap­ണ്ടmbm B NmeI¯n Xs¶ sshZ|Xn t{]cWw sN¿s¸Sp¶ {]Xn`mk-amWv skÂ^v C³U£³. Hcp NmeIhpambn _Ôs¸« Im´nIt£{X¯n\p­ണ്ടmIp¶ amäw aqew kao]¯p Xs¶bpÅ asämcp NmeI¯n sshZ|Xn t{]cWw sN¿s¸Sp¶Xn\v a}Nz C³U£³ F¶p ]dbp¶p.

a}Nz C³U£³ BWv {Sm³kvt^mÀadnsâ {]hÀ¯\ X¯zw.

{Sm³kvt^mÀaÀ

\ap¡v Gsd kp]cnNnXamb sshZ|tXm]IcWamWv {Sm³kvt^mÀaÀ.

Hcp Fkn kÀ¡o«nse sshZ|Xnsb asämcp Fkn kÀ¡o«nte¡v thmÄ«X DbÀ¯pItbm Xmgv¯pItbm sNbvXpsImണ്ട­v ssIamäw sN¿pIbmWv {Sm³kvt^mÀadnsâ [À½w. sshZ|XIm´nIt{]cWw F¶ {]Xn`mks¯ ASnØm\am¡nbmWv {Sm³kvt^mÀaÀ {]hÀ¯n¡p¶Xv.

efnXamb LS\bnÂ,  cണ്ട­v sshZ|Xn]cambn ]ckv]cw _Ôs¸Sm¯ (Electrically Isolated) tImbnepIfmWv {Sm³kvt^mÀadnsâ {][m\ `mKw. sshZ|Xn kzoIcn¡p¶ tImbn ss{]adn ssh³UnwKv F¶pw temUv LSn¸n¡p¶ tImbn sk¡³Udn ssh³UnwKv F¶pw hnfn¡s¸Sp¶p.

 Hcp {Xo s^bvkv {Sm³kvt^mÀadn ss{]adnbnepw sk¡âdnbnepw 3 hoXw ssh³UnwKpIfmWv D­­ണ്ടmhpI.

 thmÄt«Pv \ne DbÀ¯m\p]tbmKn¡p¶Xv sÌ]v A]v {Sm³kvt^mÀadpw thmÄt«Pv \ne Xmgv¯m\p]tbmKn¡p¶Xv sÌ]v  Uu¬ {Sm³kvt^mÀadpamWv.

 tamt«mdpIÄ

\ap¡v Gähpw ]cnNnXamb sshZ|X D]IcW§fnsem¶mWv tamt«mÀ. C³U£³ tamt«mÀ BWv Gähpw km[mcWbmbn D]tbmKn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. anÃpIfnepw hÀIv-tjm¸pIfnepw hymhkmbnI tI{µ§fnepsams¡ 3 s^bvkv C³U£³ tamt«mÀ hym]Iambn D]tbmKn¨p hcp¶p.

ho«nse ^m\n DÅXv knwKnÄ s^bvkv C³U£³ tamt«mdmWv. anIvknbnepw ss{K³UdnepapÅXvv bqWnthgvk tamt«mÀ. \nÝnX thKXbn (Constant Speed) am{XtamSp¶hbmWv kn³-t{ImWkv (synchronous) tamt«mdpIÄ.

_mädn

cmtkmÀÖw(Chemical Energy) sshZ|tXmÀÖam¡n amäp¶ D]IcWamWv _mädn. ctണ്ട­m AXne[nItam CeIvt{Sm sIan¡Â skÃpIÄ tNÀ¶mWv Hcp _mädn cq]s¸Sp¶Xv.

Ch c­ണ്ടp Xc¯nepണ്ട­v. ss{]adn _mädnIfpw sk¡âdn _mädnIfpw. D]tbmKn¨tijw Dt]£n¡p¶Xcw _mädnIfmWv ss{]adn hn`mK¯n hcp¶Xv. tSmÀ¨nepw aäpap]tbmKn¡p¶ ss{U sk BWv DZmlcWw. doNmÀP_nÄ _mädnIfmWv sk¡âdn hn`mK¯n hcp¶Xv. Imdnepw aäpap]tbmKn¡p¶ seUvþBknUv _mädnbpw samss_ t^mWpIfnse enYnbw Atbm¬ _mädnbpsams¡ Cu hn`mK¯n s]Spw. \n¡Â ImUvanbw(NiCd), \n¡Â saäÂsslss{UUv (NiMH) XpS§nb aäp Nne _mädnIfpapണ്ട­v C¡q«¯nÂ.

 Hcp sk¡âdn _mädnbn അതിന്റെ ശേഷിക്കനുസരിച്ച് Bhiym\pkcWw Un kn sshZ|Xn tiJcn¨phím\pw ]p\cp]tbmKn¡m\pw Ignbpw.

 sshZ|Xn sse\n \n¶pÅ Fkn sshZ|Xn sdIvSnss^ sNbvXv Unknbm¡n _mädnbn kq£n¡p¶p. sshZ|XnbnÃm¯t¸mÄ _mädnbnse Unkn sshZ|Xn C³-hÀ«v sNbvXv Fkn B¡n sshZ|tXm]IcW§Ä¡v \ÂIp¶p. C³-hÀ«dpIfnepw bp ]n FkpIfnepw kw-`hn¡p¶XnXmWv.

Hcp _mädnbpsS tijnbpsS bqWnämWv B¼nbÀ AhÀ (Ampere Hour - Ah)

  

b{´w X{´w!

P\tdäÀ             þ      bm{´ntImÀÖw sshZ|tXmÀÖam¡p¶p.

tamt«mÀ             þ      sshZ|tXmÀÖw bm{´ntImÀÖam¡p¶p.

_Ä_v              þ      sshZ|tXmÀÖw {]ImtimÀÖam¡p¶p.

loäÀ                þ      sshZ|tXmÀÖw Xmt]mÀÖam¡p¶p.

_mädn               þ      cmtkmÀÖw sshZ|tXmÀÖam¡p¶p.

tkmfmÀ sk     þ      {]ImtimÀÖw sshZ|tXmÀÖam¡p¶p.

 ØnXsshZ|Xn

sshZ|Xnsb IS¯nhnSm¯ Nne hkvXp¡Ä (DZm: knÂç XpWnbpw ¥mkv ZÞpw) X½nepcknbm Nne Cet{ÎméIÄ kzX{´am¡s¸Spì. C§s\ Cet{Îm¬ \ãamæ¶ ]ZmÀYw s]mknänhv NmÀPpw Cet{Îm¬ t\Sp¶ ]ZmÀYw s\Käohv NmÀPpw ssIhcnçì. C¯c¯n Ne\hnt[baÃm¯ Cet{ÎméIÄ ImcWap­ണ്ടmæ¶ sshZ|XnbmWv ØnXsshZ|Xn (Static Electricity).

 taL§fn ØnXsshZ|XnbpsS {]`mhw ImcWamWv CSnan¶Â Dണ്ട­mæ¶Xv. CXp Is­ണ്ട¯nbXv _©an³ {^m¦ven³ BWv.

sshZ|tXmåmZ\w

atäsX¦nepsams¡ DuÀÖcq]§sf sshZ|tXmÀÖam¡n amäp¶p F¶XmWv sshZ|tXmåv]mZ\w F¶ ]Zw sImണ്ട­v hnh£n¡p¶Xv.

 PesshZ|X ]²XnIfn Pe{]hml¯n\pÅ KXntImÀÖs¯ (Kinetic Energy) SÀss_\pIÄ bm{´ntImÀÖam¡n amäpIbpw XpSÀ¶v P\tdädpIÄ bm{´ntImÀÖs¯ sshZ|tXmÀÖam¡n amäpIbpw sN¿p¶p.

 Xm]sshZ|X]²XnIfn I¡cn, Uok XpS§nb t^mkn CÔ\§Ä I¯n¨p­ണ്ടm¡p¶ Xmt]mÀÖs¯bmWv Ìow SÀss_\pIÄ bm{´ntImÀÖambpw XpSÀ¶v sshZ|tXmÀÖambpw amänsbSp¡p¶Xv.

 BWh\neb§fn (BWh hn`P\w \S¯n) BWthmÀÖs¯ Xmt]mÀ Öambpw bm{´ntImÀÖambpw XpSÀ¶v sshZ|tXmÀÖambpw amäp¶p.

]mc¼tcyXcw…

      C\nsbmcc\qämണ്ട­n\¸pdw a\pjyhÀ¤s¯ tkhn¡phm³ t^mkn CÔ\§Ä Cu `qapJ¯p­ണ്ടmhnà F¶ Xncn¨dnhpw A\pZn\w C¯cw t^mkn CÔ\§fpsS Pze\w ImcWw hÀ²nXamIp¶ ]mcnØnXnI BLmX§fpw ]mc¼tcyXc DuÀÖ t{kmXÊpIsf Gsd {]kàam¡p¶pണ്ട­v.

 ]mc¼tcyXchn`mK¯n kutcmÀÖw Xs¶bmWv {]mYanI ]cnKW\ AÀln¡p¶Xv. kqcy³ ]Icp¶ {]ImtimÀÖs¯ sshZ|tXmÀÖambn amäm³ IgnhpÅ t^mt«m thmÄ«mbnIv skÃpIfmWv (tkmfmÀ skÂ) Hcp kutcmÀÖ ¹mânsâ ASnØm\ LSIw. 1839  F.C. s_Izd F¶ 19 Imc\mb {^©v imkv-{XÚ\mWv BZy t^mt«m thmÄ«mbnIv sk cq]s¸Sp¯nsbSp¯Xv.  1921  ‘t^mt«m CeIv{SnIv {]hml’¯nsâ Is­ണ്ട¯en\v km£m BÂ_À«v sF³-Ìo\v t\m_  k½m\w e`n¨p

 Imäv, Xncame, _tbmamkv, PntbmsXÀa XpS§n hnhn[ ]mc¼tcyXc t{kmXÊpIfn \n¶pw sshZ|tXmÀÖw DåmZn¸n¡p¶pണ്ട­v. PesshZ|X]²XnIsfbpw ]mc¼tcyXcDuÀÖt{kmXÊpIfpsS ]«nIbn DÄs¸Sp¯mw.

  

Id­ണ്ടphcp¶ hgn

sshZ|Xnsb§s\ ho«nse¯ps¶ì Nn´n¨n«pt­ണ്ടm? Hê ]t£ \qdpIW¡në IntemaoädpIÄ¡¸pd¯mbncn¡mw sshZ|Xn Dev¸mZn¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xv. AsX§s\bmWv Cu Zqcsams¡ Xmണ്ട­n ho«nse¯pI?

]hÀ luknse AYh P\tdänwKv tÌj\nse Fkn P\tdädpIfn (BÄ«Àt\äÀ) emWv sshZ|Xn hymhkmbnIambn Dev¸mZn¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xv. P\tdänwKv v tÌjëIfpsS tijn saKm hm«nemWv ]dbpI. Hê saKm hms«¶m ]¯pe£w hm«v F¶ÀYw. tIcf¯nse Gähpw henb PesshZ|X]²Xnbmb CSp¡n sslt{Um Ce{ÎnIv ]hÀ tÌjsâ (aq-e-a-äw) tijn 780 saKm hm«v BsW¶Xv HmÀçI.

 3 s^bvkv 11 IntemthmÄ«v (11000 V) BWv km[mcW P\tdänwKv thmÄt«Pv. {]kcW ({Sm³kvanj³) kuIcy¯n\mbn 11 sI hn thmÄt«Pns\ sÌ]v A]v ]hÀ {Sm³kvt^mÀadpIÄ D]tbmKn¨v 110/220/400/765 sIhn Bbn DbÀ¯pì. XpSÀ¶v {Sm³kvanj³ sseëIfneqsS cmPy¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK§fnte¡v {]kcWw sN¿pì. ]ebnS§fnembn Øm]n¨ncnç¶ k_vtÌjëIfn h¨v Cu DbÀ¶ thmÄt«PnepÅ sshZ|Xnsb sÌ]v Uu¬ ]hÀ {Sm³kvt^mÀadpIÄ D]tbmKn¨v 11 sI hn Bbn hoണ്ട­pw Xmgv¯pì. 11 sI hn sseëIÄ hgn Cu sshZ|Xn NpäpapÅ {]tZi§fnte¡v hnXcWw (Distribution) sN¿s¸Spì. Cu sseëIfpambn LSn¸n¨ncnç¶ Unkv{Sn_}j³ {Sm³kvt^mÀadpIfmWv 11000 thmÄ«nepÅ sshZ|Xnsb KmÀlnI D]tbmK¯n\ëtbmPyamb 3 s^bvkv 415 thmÄ«mbn sÌ]v Uu¬ sNbvXp\Âæ¶Xv. (KmÀlnI D]tbmK¯nëÅ sshZ|Xnþ c­ണ്ടp s^bvkpIÄ X½nepÅ thmÄt«Pv 415 thmÄ«pw Hê s^bvkpw \}{Sepw X½n 240 thmÄ«pamWv). XpSÀ¶v hnXcW {Sm³kvt^mÀadpIfn \n¶v tem sS³j³ sseëIÄ hgn \½psS ho«n\cnInse¯p¶ sshZ|Xn, kÀÆokv hbdpIÄ hgn ho«nte¡v {]thinçì.

ho-«nse sshZ|Xn.

F\ÀPn aoäÀ hgnbmWv sshZ|Xn \½psSsbms¡ ho«nte¡v {]thin¡p¶Xv. D]tbmKn¨ sshZ|tXmÀÖsa{Xsb¶v F\ÀPn aoäÀ tcJs¸Sp¯n híp¶p.

sshZ|tXmÀÖ¯nsâ hymhkmbnI  bqWnäv Intem hm«v AhÀ (Kilo Watt Hour - kWh) BWv. Hcp aWn¡qdn Bbncw hm«v ]hÀ D]tbmKn¨p F¶XmWv 1 kWh F¶m AÀYw. 100 hm«v tijnbpÅ _Ä_v 10 aWn¡qÀ {]Imin¨mtem 500 hm«v tijnbpÅ CeIv{SnIv sIän 2 aWn¡qÀ D]tbmKn¨mtem 2000 hm«v tijnbpÅ C³U£³ Ip¡À Ac aWn¡qÀ D]tbmKn¨mtem Hs¡ 1 bqWnäv sshZ|Xn D]tbmKn¡s¸Spw F¶p kmcw.

F\ÀPn aoäÀ Ignªm ASp¯Xv ^}kv bqWnäpIfmWv. DbÀ¶ sshZ|X{]hmlw D­ണ്ടmIp¶Xn \n¶pw XÂ^eambp­ണ്ടmhp¶ A]IS§fn \n¶pw ho«p]IcW§sfbpw KrlhmknIsfbpw kw-c£n¡pI F¶XmWv ^}knsâ [À½w. DbÀ¶ sshZ|X{]hmlap­ണ്ടmbm kzbw I¯n \in¨psImണ്ട­v sshZ|X{]hmlw XSÊs¸Sp¯pIbmWv ^}knsâ {]hÀ¯\coXn. km[mcWbmbn ^}kv hbÀ \nÀ½n¡p¶Xv Sn³ seUv (37:63) temlk¦cap]tbmKn¨mWv. XmW {ZhWm¦hpw DbÀ¶ Nme\tijnbpamWv Hcp ^}kv Fesaân\p thണ്ട­ ASnØm\ KpW§Ä.

^}knsâ [À½w IqSpX Imcy£aambn \nÀ-hln¡p¶ D]IcW§fmb an\ntb¨À kÀI}«v t{_¡À (MCB), FÀ¯v eot¡Pv kÀI}«v t{_¡À (ELCB)F¶nhbpw hym]Iambn D]tbmKn¨p hcp¶pണ്ട്.

DuÀÖkwc£Ww

DuÀÖw Bhiy¯n\p am{Xw D]tbmKn¡pI; DuÀÖ\jvSw ]camh[n IpdípI F¶XmWv DuÀÖkw-c£Ww (Energy Conservation) sIm­ണ്ടpt±in¡p¶Xv. DuÀÖkw-c£Ww e£yam¡n C´ybn \nehnepÅ BÎv BWv F\ÀPn I¬kÀ-thj³ BÎv 2011. C´ym Khs×ân\p IognepÅ _}tdm Hm^v F\ÀPn F^njy³kn (BEE) F¶ `cWLS\m Øm]\amWv Cu BÎv \S¸m¡phm³ NpaXes¸«ncn¡p¶Xv.

A´mcmjv{S DuÀÖkw-c£WZn\w Unkw-_À 14 BsW¶dnbmatÃm?

 \£{Xsa®mw…

ho«p]IcW§fpsS DuÀÖ£aX (Energy Efficiency) Ipdn¡p¶ 5 \£{X§sf ]cnNbap­ണ്ടtÃm? _}tdm Hm^v F\ÀPn F^njy³kn (BEE) F¶ Øm]\amWv C´ybn ÌmÀ te_enwKv \S¯phm³ A[nImcs¸«ncn¡p¶Xv. Imcy£aamb DuÀÖ D]tbmK¯nsâ ASnØm\¯n sshZ|tXm]IcW§Ä¡v 1 apX 5 hsc \£{XhneIÄ (Star Rating)  A\phZn¨p\ÂIpIbmWv  _n.C.C. bpsS {][m\ {]hÀ¯\w.

 hnZ|Xv{]`m NcnXw!

sshZ|XnbpsS Gähpw {][m\ [À½w {]Imiw ]c¯Â Xs¶bmsW¶p ]dbmw. 1802  kÀ lw{^n tUhn F¶ AXn{]ikv-X\mb {_n«njv ckX{´Ú\mWv BZy sshZ|Xhnf¡ns\ temI¯n\p ]cnNbs¸Sp¯p¶Xv. AsXmcp ¹män\w ^nesaâv hnf¡mbncp¶p.

1809 {_n«njv tdmb skmsskänbn kÀ lw{^n tUhn P\§Ä¡pap¼n {]ZÀin¸n¨ BZy ImÀ_¬ BÀIv emw-]n\v 1000 sagpIpXncnIsf¡mÄ {]`bp­ണ്ടmbncp¶p.

XpSÀ¶v \nch[n sshZ|Xhnf¡pIÄ ]ecpw AhXcn¸n¨p F¦nepw hfsc¡pdhp kabw am{Xta {]hÀ¯n¡q F¶ s]mXptZmjap­mbncp¶p ChsíÃmw. 1880  40 aWn¡qÀ XpSÀ¨bmbn {]Imin¡p¶ Hcp _Ä_n\v tXmakv BÂ-h FUnk\pw tPmk^v hnÂk³ kzm\pw tNÀ¶v t]äâp t\Sn. sshImsX 1880 1500 aWn¡qÀ XpSÀ¨bmbn {]Imin¡p¶ _Ä_n\p cq]w \ÂIns¡mണ്ട­v FUnk¬ hnZ|Xv{]ImiNcn{X¯nse \mbI\mbn amdn. 16 hm«v Bbncp¶p B _Ä_nsâ tijn.

1926Â BZy ^vfqdskâv emw-]n\v FUvaണ്ട­v sPÀaÀ t]äâp t\Sn.

kn.F^v.F F¶ Npcp¡t¸cn Adnbs¸Sp¶ tIm¼mIvSv ^vfqdskâv em¼pIfpsS ap³-Kmansb 1890 ]oäÀ Iq¸À slhnäv cq]s¸Sp¯nsbSp¯p.. F¶m C¶p \map]tbmKn¡p¶Xcw kn.F^v.Fen\p cq]taInbXv 1927 tPmÀÖv C³-am³ BWv.

1962Â Zriy{]Imiw ]pds¸Sphn¡p¶ BZy FÂ.C.Un (Light Emitting Diode) \nIv slmsem\ymIv (Nick Holonyak Jr.) F¶ Atacn¡³ imkv-{XÚ³ Iണ്ട­p]nSn¨p.

+ C³-Im³Uskâv em¼pIfpsS ^nesaâp­ണ്ടm¡p¶Xv SMv̬ D]tbmKn¨mWv. teml§fn Gähpw DbÀ¶ {ZhWm¦apÅXv SMvÌWn\mWv.

+ ^nesaânsâ _mjv]oIcWw XSbm³ _Ä_pIÄ¡pÅn \njv{Inb hmXI§fmb BÀK¬, \ntbm¬, ss\{SP³ XpS§nbhbntesX¦nepsam¶v \nd¨ncn¡pw.

+ km[mcW C³-Im³Uskâv emw]pIÄ¡v 1000-apXÂ 2000 aWn¡qdnsâ BbpÊmWpÅXv. kn. F^v. FÂ. hnf¡pIÄ¡mhs« 500-0 apXÂ 10000 aWn¡qdpIÄ {]Imin¡m\mകpw. FÂ C Un em¼pIÄ¡v 30000 apXÂ 50000 aWn¡qdpIÄ BbpÊp­ണ്ടmhpw.

+ sshZ|Xhnf¡pIfpsS {]Imi\tijn eqsa³kv/hm«v F¶ bqWnänemWv ]dbpI.

sshZ|Xn AfhpIÄ... D]IcW§Ä

\w.	Afhv	D]IcWw	GIIw	kqNIw
1	s]m«³jy hyXymkw /thmÄt«P v	thmÄ«v aoäÀ	thmÄ«v	V
2	sshZ|X {]hmlw / Idണ്ട­v	A½oäÀ	Bw-]nbÀ	A
3	]hÀ	hm«v aoäÀ	hm«v	W
5	sshZ|tXmÀÖw / F\ÀPn	F\ÀPn aoäÀ	Intem hm«v AhÀ	kWh
6	{]Xntcm[w/ sdkn̳kv	Hmw aoäÀ	Hmw	Ω
7	Bhr¯n /{^oIz³kn	{^oIz³kn aoäÀ	slÀSvkv	Hz
8	sshZ|XnbpsS km¶n[yw & Zni	KmÂ-ht\m aoäÀ	þ	-
9	sshZ|X NmÀPv		Iqfw_v	C
10	I¸mknä³kv		^mcUv	f
11	C³UIvS³kv		sl³-dn	H

AXnNmeIX

Hê ]ZmÀY¯nsâ Xm]\ne Hê \nÝnX ]cn-[n¡p Xmsgsb¯n¨m AXnsâ sshZ|X{]Xntcm[w ]qÀ®ambn CÃmsXbmæ¶ {]Xn`mkamWv AXnNmeIX (Super Conductivity). DZmlcW¯n\v saÀçdn 4 sIÂhn (1 Kelvin = -272.15 <sup>o</sup>C) ë Xmsg AXnNmeIkz`mhapffXmbn¯oêw. 1911 U¨v imkv{XÚ\mbnê¶ slbvIv ImaÀen§v H¬kv (Heike Kamerlingh Onnes) BWv AXnNmeIX Is­ണ്ട¯nbXv.

CeIv{SnIv tjm¡v!

CeIv{SnIv tjm¡nsâ A\p`qXn \pIÀ¶n«pt­ണ്ടm? F´mWv CeIv{SnIv tjm¡v F¶dnbptam?

\½psS icoc¯neqsS sshZ|X{]hmlap­mhpt¼mgmWv tjm¡Sn¡p¶Xv. kPohamb Hcp sshZ|XNmeI¯n kv]Àin¡pt¼mÄ B NmeI¯n \n¶v `qanbnte¡v \½psS icocw hgn Idണ്ട­v {]hln¡p¶p. C§s\ {]hln¡p¶  sshZ|XnbpsS Afhn\pw {]hln¡p¶ kab¯n\pa\pkcn¨ncn¡pw tjm¡nsâ Xo{hX. sshZ|X{]hmlXo{hX 100þ200 anÃn B¼nb-dntesdbmbm AXv acWImcWamtb¡mw.

icoc¯neqsSbpÅ  DbÀ¶ sshZ|X{]hmlw izk\hyhØsbbpw tI{µ \mUo hyhØsbbpamWp {]mYanIambn _m[n¡pI. lrZbw kv-Xw`n¡pIbpw acWw kw-`hn¡pIbpw sN¿pw.

Htc Id­ണ്ടfhnepÅ Unkn tjm¡mWv Fkn tjm¡ns\¡mÄ amcIw F¶padnbpI.

Idണ്ട­nt\mSpÅ Ifn hfsckq£n¨pthWsa¶ÀYw.

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തൊഴിൽ‌വാർത്ത ഹരിശ്രീയിൽ (2014 മാർച്ച് 15) പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിച്ചത്.